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Robotics Market Map: Industrial, Cobots, Logistics, Humanoids, Surgical, Education & Physical AI
373 robotics industry players across the US · Europe · Japan · China (Greater China) · Korea · Other (Canada · Israel · India · Southeast Asia · Australia · Middle East) in one table. For each company we record money (revenue · valuation) and usage (shipments · installs · operational units) separately, and you can filter and sort by country · type (13 value-chain types) · generation (industrial automation → Physical AI) · robot form · application industry · revenue source · ownership. Every figure carries a source verdict (✔ filing · original / △ report · estimate · research firm / ✘ no).
Numbers that sum up the industry
603K units2025 global new industrial robot installs 603,307 units (+11% · all-time high · previous peak 552,946 units in 2022) · IFR World Robotics 2026 (2026-09-24) · ✔
5.08M unitsEnd-2025 global industrial robot operational stock 5,079,078 units (+9% · over 2x seven years earlier · expected to top 6M by 2028) · IFR WR2026 · ✔
59%Of 2025 new installs: China 354,226 units (+20%) · Chinese brands 55% of China's installs (57% in 2024) · No.2 US 38,428 units · No.3 Japan 36,219 units · No.4 Korea ~30K units · IFR WR2026 · ✔
1,220 units1,220 robots per 10,000 Korean manufacturing employees (2024 · world No. 1 · up 7%/yr since 2019) · No. 2 Singapore 818 · Germany 449 · Japan 446 · US 307 (8th) · China 166 (22nd) after labor statistics revision · global average 132 · IFR 2026-04-08 · ✔
34.2M units2025 consumer service robots (mainly home cleaning) sales ~34.2M units (+37%) · professional service robots ~250K units (+24%) · surgical robots 8,400 units (+57%) · IFR WR2026 Service Robots (2026-09-30 · sample of 238 suppliers) · ✔
About 13K units2025 global humanoid shipments 13,318 units (Omdia 2026-01 · AgiBot 5,168 · Unitree 4,200 (company filing: 5,511 shipped · 5,215 sold ✔) · UBTech ~1,000 · △) · ~7,000 units by IFR definition (commercial, height 140cm+) (✔) — definitions differ, hence a 2x gap
How types are split — "Where in the value chain it earns" × "Generation" × "Form · Industry"
Robots make money in very different ways depending on where they sit in the value chain — selling factory arms, cobots that work next to people, warehouse fleets, store and service robots, humanoids, surgical systems, home robots, toys and learning kits, field and defense machines, components, robot "brain" models, or renting robots out — so the map uses 13 types. A separate Generation axis (industrial automation → home & service 1st gen → cobots & mobile → social & education → humanoid boom → physical AI) lets you filter legacy vs. emerging players. AI is not a region: filter it with type ⑪ or the "Physical AI" generation (companies stay under their operating HQ country). Companies that failed or shut down remain as a control group under the "Category" filter. Money (revenue · valuation) and usage (units shipped · installed) are kept apart, so "Largest first" and "Highest usage first" give two different rankings.
① Industrial robot armsFactory articulated · SCARA · Cartesian robots (FANUC · ABB · Yaskawa · KUKA · Kawasaki · Estun · HD Hyundai Robotics). Money = unit sales + maintenance · parts · training (the long tail of the installed base)
② Collaborative robots (cobots)Arms that work beside people without fences (Universal Robots · Doosan Robotics · Techman · JAKA · AUBO · Rainbow Robotics). Money = device + grippers · app ecosystem · dealers
③ Logistics · mobile robots · warehouse automationAMR · AGV · picking · warehouse systems (Amazon Robotics · Symbotic · Locus · Geek+ · Hai Robotics · Ocado · AutoStore · Exotec). Money = system build-out + RaaS · software subscriptions
④ Service robotsServing · delivery · commercial cleaning · guidance · cooking · hotels (Pudu · Keenon · Bear Robotics · Starship · Serve · LG CLOi · Baemin Dilly). Money = per-unit sales · monthly rental · per delivery
⑤ Humanoids · general-purpose robotsHuman-shaped general-purpose robots (Tesla Optimus · Figure · Agility · Apptronik · 1X · Boston Dynamics Atlas · Unitree · UBTECH · AgiBot). Money = still mostly investment · research sales · pilot contracts
⑥ Medical · surgical · rehabilitation robotsSurgery · Rehabilitation · Wearables (Intuitive da Vinci · Stryker Mako · Medtronic Hugo · CMR · 微创 · Curexo · Angel Robotics). Money = system + per-procedure instruments · service (razor · razor blades)
⑦ Home · consumer robotsRobot vacuums · lawn · pool · home assistants (iRobot · Roborock · Ecovacs · Dreame · Narwal · Samsung · LG · Amazon Astro). Money = consumer sales · consumables · some subscriptions
⑧ Education · toy · social · companion robotsCoding blocks · education kits · AI conversational toys · companion robots (LEGO Education · Sphero · Makeblock · Cubroid · Luxrobo · Miko · Moxie · aibo · LOVOT · Raspberry Pi). Money = kit sales · school B2B · content subscriptions
⑨ Specialty · field robotsAgriculture · construction · inspection · defense · underwater · space · drones (Boston Dynamics Spot · ANYbotics · Gecko · Carbon Robotics · John Deere · DJI · Skydio · Anduril). Money = equipment sales · government contracts · inspection services
⑩ Components · actuators · sensors · chips · simulationReducers · motors · lidar · vision · robot chips · simulators (Harmonic Drive · Nabtesco · 绿的谐波 · Hesai · NVIDIA Jetson · Isaac). Money = supplying robot companies (picks and shovels of the gold rush)
⑪ AI · robot foundation models · Physical AIRobot 「brain」 software · models (Physical Intelligence · Skild AI · Google DeepMind Gemini Robotics · NVIDIA GR00T · Covariant · Intrinsic). Money = investment · licensing · hardware partners
⑫ RaaS · integration (SI) · platforms · investmentPlayers that lease or install robots and hold equity (Formic · SoftBank Group · ROS · robot SI · sovereign funds). Money = hourly usage fees · deployment fees · equity value
⑬ Regulation · industry statisticsIFR statistics · China humanoid guidelines · EU Machinery Regulation · AI Act · Korea Intelligent Robots Act · tariffs · children's product KC · COPPA (no scale tier)
Why the filters are split this way· Country: Based on operating HQ. Independently run subsidiaries use their own HQ (Boston Dynamics = US · KUKA · Universal Robots = Europe); conglomerates' robot divisions use the parent's country (aibo = Japan · Amazon Robotics = US).· Type: 13 types based on "where in the value chain it earns." Turn on "Include secondary types" to also catch multi-business players (e.g. Unitree = humanoid + quadruped + education/research).· Generation: Industrial automation (1961~) · Home · service 1st gen (1999~) · Collaborative · mobile (2008~) · Social · education (2010s~) · Humanoid boom (2022~) · Physical AI (2023~). Use it to see shifts between legacy ↔ emerging players.· Scale tier: Money (revenue · valuation) converted to USD: S $1B+ · A $100M+ · B $10M+ · C $1M+. Private startups use valuation instead of revenue, so even within S, "money earned" and "expected value" differ.· Usage: Shipments · cumulative installs · operational units. Sorting by "Most usage first" ranks by unit count (pre-order · LOI units excluded). Do not compare annual shipments and cumulative installs directly.· Robot form · application industry: articulated arms · cobot arms · mobile robots · humanoids · quadrupeds · drones · vacuums · surgical devices · building blocks · dolls, etc. / automotive · electronics · logistics · food service · medical · home · education · agriculture · defense, etc. An entry stays if any one overlaps.· Revenue source: Hardware sales · maintenance · consumables · RaaS · subscription · software licenses · SI · platform · data · model API · education · government · defense · investment. Selecting several keeps only entries that have all of them.· Ownership: Listed (public filings available) · Conglomerate unit · Sovereign fund · Private equity · Private (VC-backed) · Founder-owned — use it to judge whether the numbers are reliable and who is buying up the industry.
Player table
Country
Type
Generation
Scale tier
Metric type
Usage type
Robot form
Industries served
Revenue source
Ownership
Status
Category
Sort
| # | Name | Country | Type | Tier | Key metric · Usage | Revenue source | Verdict |
|---|
Click a row to expand ownership · founding · revenue source · money · developments · sources. Tier "?" marks entries with no key figure because they are private or do not disclose robotics segment figures separately. Tiers are a rough grading based on a single key metric. For listed companies it is robotics segment revenue, for private startups the latest funding-round valuation, so the same tier can mean different things. Usage mixes company announcements · research-body estimates.
Market size — read each definition separately
| Scope | Value | Definition · Timing | Verdict |
|---|---|---|---|
| Global industrial robots (installation value) | US$18.6B | Value of robot units newly installed in 2025 (+11%) · excludes software · peripherals · SI · IFR WR2026 Executive Summary (2026-09) | ✔ |
| Global industrial robots (installations · forecast) | 2025 603K units → 2026 655K units → 2029 806K units | Annual new installs · 7%/yr growth forecast for 2026~2029 · Asia 76% (457,315 units) · Europe 73,054 units (-14%) · Americas 57,044 units (+14%) · IFR WR2026 | ✔ |
| Global professional service robots | About 250K units (+24%) | 2025 sales · transport · logistics (incl. AMR) 117,500 units (47%) · No.2 hospitality · No.3 professional cleaning · RaaS dominant in the US · sample tally (not a whole-industry estimate · year-over-year comparison not recommended) · IFR WR2026 Service Robots (2026-09-30) | ✔ |
| Global consumer service robots | About 34.2M units (+37%) | 2025 sales · mostly home cleaning · IFR WR2026 Service Robots | ✔ |
| Global robot vacuums (smart cleaning robots) | 32.72M units (+20.1%) | 2025 shipments · IDC (cited in Roborock 2026-03 announcement) · 2025 Q1 share Roborock 19.3% · Ecovacs 13.6% · Dreame 11.3% · Xiaomi 9.9% · iRobot 9.3% (IDC 2025-06) | △ |
| Global surgical robots (IFR) | 8,400 units (+57%) | 2025 units sold · all medical robots +19% · IFR WR2026 Service Robots | ✔ |
| Global collaborative robots | About 57K units · Revenue $1.2B+ | 2025 shipments +14.5% · revenue +10.5% · China share of shipments 54.7% · 128,918 units forecast for 2030 · Interact Analysis (2026-06 press release · cited in reports) | △ |
| Global humanoids (Omdia) | 13,318 units · 2.6M units projected for 2035 | 2025 shipments · includes small units (G1 etc. under 140cm) · Omdia (2026-01) | △ |
| Global humanoids (IFR) | About 7,000 units | 2025 sales · height 140cm+ · commercial · professional uses only, excluding research · entertainment · mostly reliant on teleoperation · IFR WR2026 Service Robots | ✔ |
| Humanoid outlook (Goldman Sachs) | 2035 $38B · 1.4M units shipped | Total addressable market (TAM) · 2024-02 report (raised from earlier $6B) · goldmansachs.com | △ |
| Humanoid outlook (Morgan Stanley) | 2050 ~$5T · 1B+ units in operation | Scenario including supply chain · repair · maintenance · 2025-05 「Humanoid 100」 · citing reports | △ |
| Humanoid outlook (Citi) | 2050 $7T · 648M units | Citi GPS 2024-12 scenario · cited in reports · definitions (revenue · TAM · value chain) differ from the two banks above, so do not combine or compare | △ |
| China market (industrial) | ~2M operational units · 354,226 installed in 2025 | Operational units as of end-2024 (~4.5× Japan) · IFR 2026-04 robot density press release · installs from WR2026 | ✔ |
| Korea robot industry (industry survey) | Revenue around KRW 6T | MOTIE · KIRIA Robot Industry Survey (latest edition · estimated 2023 basis) · original unverified · original unverified | △ |
BM — 12 ways money comes in
| Revenue source | Representative case · unit price | Trend |
|---|---|---|
| One-time hardware sale | Sales of industrial arms · cobots · humanoids — IFR global installation value $18.6B (2025) · Unitree G1 $13.5K · humanoids RMB 868M of Unitree's 2025 revenue of RMB 1.699B | → Still mainstream, but Chinese price cuts (G1 $16K→$13.5K · falling cobot prices) push per-unit margins ↓ |
| Maintenance · Service contracts | da Vinci includes 1 year of service in the sale price, then annual service contracts · industrial: spare parts · training · inspection | ↑ Steadier income as installed base (5.08M operational units) grows |
| Consumables (per-procedure instruments) | Intuitive instruments · accessories revenue $6.02B (FY2025 · ~60% of total) ÷ ~3.3M procedures ≈ ~$1,800 per procedure (calculated) | ↑ 「Razor-and-blades」 model · grows with procedure volume +18% |
| RaaS · usage-based leases | Of Intuitive's 1,721 new da Vinci placements in 2025, 872 were leases (496 usage-based) · Formic hourly billing · IFR: RaaS dominates US professional service robots | ↑ Lower upfront cost expands reach to small factories · hospitals · stores |
| Lease · Installments | LOVOT 3.0 ¥599,500 upfront or 72 × ¥9,994/month · serving robots on monthly lease (Korean · Japanese restaurants) | → Lowers entry barriers for consumers · small businesses |
| Subscription (consumer robots) | 1X NEO $499/month · LOVOT ¥9,900~19,800/month (separate from the unit) · aibo cloud plan · Moxie servers shut down after the company closed (2024-12) | ↑ More attempts, but the legacy lesson is the risk that 「the product dies when the server shuts down」 |
| Software · License · Platform | NVIDIA Isaac · Omniverse · Jetson (robot chip + SDK) · UR+ app ecosystem · ROS-based commercial support | ↑ Physical AI drives demand for simulation · development tools |
| SI · integrated deployment | Robot cell design · installation · programming — the robot itself is only part of total cell cost (typically around 1/3 · original unverified) | → IFR: the challenge is cutting integration costs via standard · modular cells and easy programming |
| Data collection · teleoperation | Teleoperation data factories for humanoid training (Chinese "data collection centers" incl. AgiBot) · 1X NEO's remote expert mode | ↑ Bottleneck in the foundation model race = data |
| Data · model API (Foundation model) | Physical Intelligence π0 (open weights) · Google DeepMind Gemini Robotics · NVIDIA GR00T (open) · Skild Brain | ↑ Valuations soaring (Skild $14B+ · PI reportedly negotiating $11B+) but revenue rarely disclosed |
| Government · Defense contracts | Chinese local-government humanoid procurement · subsidies · US defense quadrupeds (Ghost Robotics) · drones | ↑ Tied to national industrial policy (China 「十五五」 · US reshoring) |
| Education curriculum · parts | LEGO Education SPIKE Prime sets + lesson plans (school procurement) · precision reducers (Harmonic Drive · Nabtesco · 绿的谐波) · dozens of actuators per humanoid | → Education follows school budget cycles · components ↑ on humanoid mass-production hopes |
Price per robot · usage fee comparison
Even among 「robots」, how money is collected differs: price to buy (per unit) · price to rent (monthly · hourly) · price to use (instruments per surgery).
| Product | Price | Sales model | Conditions · Timing | Notes | Source text |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unitree G1 (humanoid) | From $13,500 | Purchase | Tax · shipping extra · official sales page 2026-10 | Cut from $16,000 at launch · EDU edition by inquiry · ✔ | Source text |
| Unitree R1 (humanoid) | R1 AIR $4,900 · R1 $5,900 | Purchase | Tax · shipping extra · official sales page 2026-10 | Cheapest general-purpose humanoid-class · ✔ | Source text |
| Unitree H2 (full-size humanoid) | $29,900 | Purchase | Tax · shipping extra · H2 EDU by separate inquiry · 2026-10 | ✔ | Source text |
| 1X NEO (home humanoid) | $20,000 | Purchase (3-year warranty · priority shipping) | Deposit $200 (refundable) · US deliveries start in 2026 · 2026-10 order page | ✔ | Source text |
| 1X NEO (subscription) | $499/month | Monthly subscription | Standard delivery · 2026-10 order page | First subscription price list for a consumer humanoid · ✔ | Source text |
| Tesla Optimus | Target cost approx. $20,000 | Unannounced (mainly internal use) | Musk: 「marginal cost ~$20K per unit at 1M units/year scale」 · 2026 Fremont production start reported | Not for sale · early B2B estimated at $100K+ (third party) · △ | Source text |
| Figure 03 | Undisclosed | B2B contracts (BMW et al. pilots) | No price list · valuation $39B (2025-09) | URL presumed to be company newsroom (not opened) · △ | Source text |
| Pudu BellaBot (serving robot) | Around $15,000 | Purchase or monthly rental | Dealer quote basis · original unverified | Monthly rent in the hundreds of thousands of KRW is common in Korean · Japanese food service · △ | Source text |
| Universal Robots UR5e (collaborative robot) | About $35,000~50,000 (arm only) | Purchase (dealers · SI) | Gripper · vision · integration costs extra · original unverified | Cobot unit prices falling under Chinese pressure (Interact Analysis) · △ | Source text |
| Formic(RaaS) | Hourly billing (no public rates) | RaaS · zero upfront · pay per operating hour | Quote-based · original unverified | Targeting small and mid-size US factories · △ | Source text |
| Intuitive da Vinci (surgical robot) | $700K~$3.1M per unit | Purchase · fixed lease · usage-based lease | Includes 1-year service · varies by model · configuration · region · FY2025 10-K | 872 of 1,721 new units in 2025 were leased · ✔ | Source text |
| da Vinci per-procedure instrument cost | About $1,800 per procedure | Consumables (limited-life instruments) | Instruments · accessories revenue $6.02B ÷ approx. 3.3M da Vinci+Ion procedures (FY2025 · calculated) | About 60% of company revenue · calculated from disclosed figures ✔ · company flagged 3~5% cut in per-procedure instrument revenue from H1 2027 (10-Q ✔) | Source text |
| Robot vacuum flagships (Roomba Combo 10 Max · Roborock Saros Z70) | $1,399 · $2,599 | Purchase | Launch list price (2024 · 2025 CES) · original unverified | iRobot acquired by Picea 2026-01 · Roborock is No. 1 per IDC · △ | Source text |
| Miko 3 (AI conversational toy) | About $199~249 | Purchase + Miko Max subscription (content) | US retail price · original unverified | AI toys = device + content subscription · △ | Source text |
| LEGO Education SPIKE Prime(45678) | About $430 | Purchase (school procurement) + free lesson plans | US education set · original unverified | Standard price range for educational robot kits · △ | Source text |
| Embodied Moxie (pre-closure) | $799 | Purchase + subscription | 2023 list price · company closed 2024-12 · functions stopped after server shutdown · original unverified | Social robot legacy control case · △ | Source text |
| Sony aibo ERS-1000 | ¥198,000 (2018 launch price) | Purchase + aibo cloud plan (3-year lump sum, etc.) | Launch price original unverified · official site says 「ERS-1000シリーズは販売を終了しました」 (checked 2026-10) | Sales ended ✔ · price △ | Source text |
| GROOVE X LOVOT 3.0 | ¥599,500 (upfront · tax incl.) + ¥9,900~19,800/month | Purchase (or 72 installments of ¥9,994/month) + mandatory monthly service fee | Official price page 2026-10 · 6-month special price campaign (until 2026-11-30) · LOVOT 2.0 ¥449,900 | 20K+ active contracts (2026-07) · ✔ | Source text |
Deals · investment timeline
| Timing | Deals | Amount | Memo |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2012-03 | Amazon → acquired Kiva Systems | $775M | Origin of warehouse AMRs · today's Amazon Robotics · △ |
| 2012-03 | SoftBank → ~78% stake in Aldebaran (NAO · Pepper) | About $100M (reported) | Pepper launched 2014 → production halted 2021 · △ |
| 2015-05 | Teradyne → acquired Universal Robots | $285M (+ earn-out up to $65M) | Case of the No. 1 cobot maker bought by a semiconductor test equipment company · △ |
| 2017-01 | Midea (美的) → completed acquisition of ~95% of KUKA | About €4.5B | Chinese appliance maker's acquisition of one of Germany's Big 4 robot makers · delisted 2022 · △ |
| 2021-06 | Hyundai Motor Group → 80% stake in Boston Dynamics (from SoftBank) | Valuation $1.1B | Spot · Atlas · deployment at Hyundai plants · SoftBank retains 20% · closed 2021-06-21 ✔ |
| 2022-08 | Amazon → announced iRobot acquisition | $1.7B (later cut to ~$1.4B) | Withdrawn 2024-01 under EU regulation · start of iRobot's fall · △ |
| 2024-08 | Amazon ← hired Covariant founders + model license | About $400M (reported) | 「Hire + license instead of acquire」 deal · △ |
| 2024-12 | Embodied (Moxie) closed | — | Follow-on funding fell through · products sold stopped working after server shutdown · △ |
| 2024-12 | Samsung Electronics → largest shareholder of Rainbow Robotics (approx. 35% stake) | Call option exercise about KRW 267B | Future Robotics Task Force established · disclosed 2024-12-31 · △ |
| 2025-01 | LG Electronics → secured 51% of Bear Robotics | About $180M (reported) | Controlling stake in serving robot company · △ |
| 2025-02 | Apptronik Series A → extended by $520M 2026-02 | Total $935M+ · Valuation about $5B (2025-11 SEC filing, reported) | Partnership with Google DeepMind · △ |
| 2025-09 | Figure AI Series C | $1B+ committed · post $39B | Largest robotics round of 2025 (Crunchbase) · company announcement ✔ |
| 2025-10 | SoftBank → agreement to acquire ABB Robotics | $5.375B | EU approval 2026-03 · closing expected Q4 2026 (ABB 2026-10-20) · not closed as of 10-28 · SoftBank · ABB originals ✔ |
| 2025-11 | Physical Intelligence round | $600M · Valuation $5.6B | Reported 2026-03: "in talks to raise $1B at $11B+" · △ |
| 2025-12 | iRobot Chapter 11 (prepackaged) → Picea completed 100% acquisition (2026-01-23) | Undisclosed | Acquirer Picea = contract manufacturer and secured creditor (Shenzhen, China) · taken private · iRobot source ✔ |
| 2026-01 | Skild AI round (led by SoftBank) | About $1.4B · Valuation $14B+ | Valuation up ~9x in 18 months · △ |
| 2026-08 | Unitree (宇树科技) listed on Shanghai 科创板 (08-19) | IPO price RMB 150.80 · market cap at IPO price ~RMB 60.99B (~$8.5B) | 2025 revenue RMB 1.699B · net profit RMB 278M · intense IPO subscription demand (allotment rate 0.018%) · securities reports (citing listing announcement) △ |
| 2025 | Agility Robotics round | About $400M · Valuation about $1.75B (reported) | Digit · GXO logistics RaaS · △ |
| 2025 | Aldebaran (France) receivership · sale | — | Moved from SoftBank to United Robotics Group in 2022, then financial distress · acquirer unconfirmed · △ |
People moving the industry
| People | Country | What | Core business model | Symbolic decision |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Joseph Engelberger | US | Unimation co-founder · 「father of robotics」 | Industrial arm sales (GM plants) | 1961: first Unimate deployed at GM's New Jersey plant — the start of the industrial robot market |
| Rodney Brooks | US (born in Australia) | Co-founder of MIT · iRobot · Rethink Robotics · Robust.AI | Consumer robot sales (Roomba) · Collaborative robot | Popularized home robots with the 2002 Roomba · publicly warns against humanoid hype |
| Marc Raibert | US | Founded Boston Dynamics (1992) · head of the AI Institute | Research contracts → Spot sales · leasing | Kept its dynamic-locomotion research alive through three owners: Google → SoftBank → Hyundai |
| Elon Musk | US | Tesla Optimus | Deployed in own factories → external sales (target cost about $20K) | Announced "Tesla Bot" in 2021 · claims most of Tesla's value will come from Optimus |
| Brett Adcock | US | Figure AI (founder · CEO) | B2B humanoids (BMW pilot) · in-house model Helix | Cut OpenAI collaboration 2025-02 and switched to in-house AI · Valuation $39B |
| Jensen Huang(黃仁勳) | US (born in Taiwan) | NVIDIA CEO | Robot chips (Jetson) · simulation (Isaac · Omniverse) · GR00T models | Declared 「Physical AI」 its next growth pillar and turned every humanoid company into a customer |
| Karol Hausman · Sergey Levine · Chelsea Finn | US (Hausman born in Poland) | Physical Intelligence co-founders (from Google · UC Berkeley · Stanford) | General-purpose robot foundation model (π0) | Decided to build only "the brain for every robot," with no hardware · released π0 open weights |
| Deepak Pathak | US (born in India) | Skild AI (co-founder · CEO) (CMU professor) | Licenses form-agnostic model 「Skild Brain」 | SoftBank-led funding lifted valuation to $14B+ in two years |
| Peggy Johnson | US | Agility Robotics CEO (ex-Microsoft · Magic Leap) | Logistics humanoid Digit via RaaS (GXO) | Touts the first paid commercial humanoid deployment (RaaS contract) |
| 王兴兴(Wang Xingxing) | China | Unitree (宇树科技) (founder · CEO) | Low-cost quadruped · humanoid hardware sales | Launched G1 at around $10K, breaking the price benchmark → 2026-08 科创板 listing |
| 彭志辉(Peng Zhihui · 稚晖君) | China | Co-founder of AgiBot (智元机器人) · former Huawei "天才少年" (Genius Youth) | Humanoid sales + data factory (AgiBot World) + GO-1 model | From Bilibili engineer-YouTuber to the world's No.1 humanoid shipper in 2025 (Omdia) |
| 稲葉清右衛門(Inaba Seiuemon) · 稲葉善治(Inaba Yoshiharu) | Japan | FANUC founder family · 稲葉善治 former chairman (special advisor 2025-10) | CNC · industrial robot sales + lifetime maintenance | Lights-out machining factories (1980~) · high-margin principle (operating margin 40.8% in FY2014 → 21.4% in FY2025) |
| 石黒浩(Ishiguro Hiroshi) | Japan | Osaka University · humanoid android (Geminoid) | Research · exhibitions · joint development | Built an android identical to himself, popularizing research into "human-likeness" |
| 林要(Hayashi Kaname) | Japan | GROOVE X founder · LOVOT (former Pepper development lead) | Companion robot sales + monthly service fee | A robot that does no work — sells "attachment" instead of "usefulness," 20K active contracts |
| Oh Jun-ho | Korea | KAIST HUBO · Rainbow Robotics founder | Cobot · humanoid · research sales | Won the 2015 DARPA Robotics Challenge (HUBO) → Samsung Electronics became largest shareholder in 2024 |
| Chung Eui-sun | Korea | Chairman of Hyundai Motor Group | Owns Boston Dynamics · deploys in own plants | Acquired 80% of Boston Dynamics in 2021 · plans to deploy Atlas at Hyundai's US plant |
| Bernt Børnich | Europe (Norway) | Founder · CEO of 1X Technologies | Home humanoid NEO: buy $20K / subscribe $499/month | Home before factory — pre-selling while admitting teleoperation assist |
| Esben Østergaard | Europe (Denmark) | Universal Robots co-founder | Cobot sales + UR+ ecosystem | Opened the "fence-free robot" market with the 2008 UR5 and sold to Teradyne in 2015 |
Industry developments 2024~2026
- Industrial robot installs broke a 4-year plateau (~550K units) to a record 603K units (+11%) 2026-09 · operational stock tops 5M — IFR WR2026 ✔
- US overtook Japan as world No.2 robot market 2026-09 (38,428 units) · Japan 3rd at -19% · Europe -14% — IFR WR2026 ✔
- Chinese robot brands took over half (55%) of China's installs in 2024~2025 · China also 54.7% of cobot shipments — IFR ✔ · Interact Analysis △
- IFR recalculated China's robot density to 166 units (22nd) after a revision of Chinese labor statistics 2026-04 · Korea stays No.1 at 1,220 units — IFR ✔
- Of ~13K humanoids shipped in 2025, the top 3 are all Chinese (AgiBot · Unitree · UBTech) · US firms mostly in pilots — Omdia △
- Robot startup investment surged 2025~2026: ~$13.8B in 2025 per Crunchbase ($7.8B in 2024 · beat the 2021 record) · PitchBook says $27.6B — 2x gap by methodology △
- Physical AI "brain" company valuations soared 2025-09~2026-03: Figure $39B · Skild $14B+ · PI $11B+ in talks — almost no revenue disclosed △
- SoftBank agreed to acquire ABB's robotics division for $5.375B 2025-10 (2.36x revenue) · closing expected Q4 2026 (not closed as of 10-28) · even invested in Skild under its "ASI+robots" strategy — a legacy leader changes hands ✔
- Roomba maker iRobot went through Chapter 11 and was 100% acquired by Chinese contract manufacturer Picea 2026-01 — fall of the first-generation home robot ✔
- Unitree STAR Market (科创板) listing 2026-08 (market cap ~RMB 61B at IPO price) · 2025 revenue RMB 1.699B (4.3x the prior year) · humanoids overtook quadrupeds △
- Consumer robots shifting to "purchase + monthly subscription" 2025~2026: 1X NEO $499/month · LOVOT monthly service fee mandatory — while Sony aibo ERS-1000 sales ended ✔
- Tesla Optimus V3 production reportedly started at Fremont 2026 · mostly internal use · price not announced — IFR cautious: "humanoids still mostly prototypes · reliant on teleoperation" △
National representatives and BM deep dive
For each country we picked the company that best shows 「how that country's robots make money」 and has filings · originals to dig into. We kept the value chain from overlapping: industrial (Japan · Europe) · medical (US) · humanoid (China) · parts + education (Korea). Figures for the five were re-checked against original filings (SEC · 上交所 · 決算短信 · DART · ABB · SoftBank).
US
★ Intuitive Surgical(da Vinci · Dave Rosa · NASDAQ ISRG)
- FY2025 revenue $10.06B ✔ · recurring revenue 84% (instruments · accessories 60% · services 16% · operating leases 9%)
- Installed base of 12,094 da Vinci systems · 51% of new installs on operating leases (over half usage-based, 「pay only when operating」) ✔
- Antitrust settlement $450M · under pressure from Chinese price caps, pre-announced a 3~5% cut in per-procedure instrument revenue from 2027 — the first time it trims the razor-blade price
Other representatives: Physical Intelligence · Skild AI (two branches of Physical AI · ARR $100M) · Tesla Optimus · Figure · Amazon Robotics (1M operational units) · Symbotic
China
★ 宇树科技 Unitree(王兴兴)
- 2025 revenue RMB 1.699B (10x the RMB 159M in 2023) · non-recurring-adjusted (扣非) net profit RMB 591M ✔ (招股书 注册稿)
- 5,215 humanoids sold (5,511 shipped) · humanoids 51.8% of revenue · 54% of gross profit ✔
- Research · education bought 74% of humanoid revenue · listed on STAR Market 2026-08-19 (688836) ✔
Other representatives: UBTECH (Walker S · HK-listed) · 极智嘉 Geek+ (RaaS · repurchase rate) · 石头 Roborock · 智元 AgiBot
Japan
★ FANUC(ファナック · 山口賢治)
- Robot segment revenue ¥378.6B (+14.9%) = 44% of company ✔ · 1M units produced cumulatively (2023 ✔)
- Service revenue up 5 years in a row (+10.8%/yr · share 12.8% → 16.5%) — but China service belongs to a 50%-owned JV, so it sits outside consolidation
- Operating margin FY2014 40.8% → FY2025 21.4% · profits from CNC machines that cut humanoid parts rather than building humanoids
Other representatives: Yaskawa (安川電機) · GROOVE X LOVOT (device + monthly fee · 10K+ operational units) · Sony aibo · CYBERDYNE (rental)
Korea
★ ROBOTIS (Kim Byung-soo)
- 2025 revenue KRW 38.94B · operating profit KRW 3.35B (consolidated · DART ✔) — profitable among loss-heavy Korean listed robot firms
- 2026 2Q revenue +95% · H1 China revenue 2.8x (8% share) ✔ — but H1 cumulative shows an operating loss due to one-offs
- Actuator (Dynamixel) + education kit company rebranded itself in 2026 as a "humanoid solutions specialist"
Other representatives: Doosan Robotics (revenue KRW 33B · operating loss KRW 59.5B) · Rainbow Robotics (Samsung 35%) · HD Hyundai Robotics (2025 operating profit KRW 21.8B)
Europe
★ ABB Robotics → SoftBank Group (sale agreement)
- Robotics business revenue $2.279B (FY2024) · $2.331B (FY2025) ✔ — selling one of the 「Big Four」 outright
- Sale price $5.375B = 2.36x revenue · 17.2x EBITDA · EU approval 2026-03 · closing expected 2026 Q4 (not closed as of 10-28 ✔)
- ABB keeps only B&R machine automation · SoftBank bundles "body + brain" with Skild AI · Agile Robots · Saudi Alat
Other representatives: AutoStore (gross margin 72%) · Ocado (technology-fee warehouses) · Universal Robots (Teradyne) · KUKA (Midea)
Changes
- Initial release — 373 entries · five regional leaders (Intuitive Surgical, Unitree, FANUC, ROBOTIS, ABB Robotics) re-checked against filings · 4 languages
Company information
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- Abover Co., Ltd.
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- 361-86-03930
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- +82-505-073-3930
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